本论文主要的特定目标to exploit progress in nanosciences to deploy nanotechnology in affordable, mass-produced sensors, and to integrate these into components and systems (including portable ones) for mass market applications in environmental and food monitoring. This monogram investigates the progress in the development of biosensors for the rapid detection of food toxicants for online applications. Sensing includes chemical and microbiological food toxicants, such as toxins, insecticides, pesticides, herbicides, microorganisms, bacteria, viruses and other microorganisms, phenolic compounds, allergens, genetically modified foods, hormones, dioxins, insecticides, pesticides, and herbicides, etc.

Biosensors are classified either to the physical transducer used or according to the biomolecule used to recognize the analyte of interest. The classification of biosensors according to the recognition element is the most common and important route for classification. This classification includes 5 categories of devices

Enzymatic Biosensors

Different enzymatic reactions commonly exploited for fabrication of biosensors are listed in Table 1:

Table 1. Different enzymes commonly used in biosensors, their substrates, the species detected, and the detection mode used

Antibody-Based Biosensors

The majority of immunosensors use antibodies or antigen immobilized on the sensitive surface of the sensor. In the case of immobilized antigen, the recommendations for immobilization are not common and depend on its nature. The simplest way to immobilize the antibody is by physical adsorption. Another alternative is covalent coupling of antibodies to chemically activated surface of the sensor.

Ion Channel Switch- and Lipid Film-Based Biosensors

Studies are currently focused on the development and evaluation of methods for the incorporation of ion channels, enzymes, antibodies, or receptors in electrochemical, optical, or mass-sensitive detectors with lipid film as a recognition element or as an ion channel switch-based devices. An example of development of lipid films based sensors are glass fiber filter supported BLMs with incorporated artificial receptor that has been developed by our group for the rapid detection of carbofuran in fruits and vegetables.

Oligonucleotide and Nucleic Acid-Based Biosensors

Oligonucleotide and nucleic acid-based biosensors were used to measure toxic aromatic amines, oxidative damage, bioactivated benzo(a)pyrene, hydrazine, triazine-based herbicides, and fluorine derivatives, Recently, DNA damage biosensor has been applied to the detection of the antioxidant effect of apple and orange juices.

Tissue, Microorganisms, Organelles, and Cell-Based Biosensors

Living bacteria can be immobilized by physicochemical methods onto the measuring surface of the sensors. A few examples of these biosensors are:
1. A surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor for the rapid identification of Campylobacter jejuni in broiler samples.
2. A novel SPR biosensor using lectin as bioreceptor.
3. A whole cell array biosensor for the efficient detection of neurotoxic organophosphate compounds.

Georgia-Paraskevi Nikoleli¹,Dimitrios Nikolelis²,Marianna-Thalia Nikolelis²,
Spyridoula Bratakou¹,Stephanos Karapetis^2
1Laboratory of Enviromental & Sanitary Engineering, Department of Public Health,
Faculty of Health and Caring Proffessions, University of West Attica
²Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Athens, Greece

Publication

Novel Biosensors for the Rapid Detection of Toxicants in Foods.
Nikoleli GP, Nikolelis DP, Siontorou CG, Karapetis S, Varzakas T
Adv Food Nutr Res. 2018

Read offline:

Related Articles:

	Rapid monitoring of the impact of polymicrobial infections…The development of bacterial infections is a major challenge as pathogenic bacteria spread through healthcare facilities where patients may come in contact with complex bacterial communities heavily colonizing on hospital…
	Photonic biosensors for mycotoxin detection in milkContamination of food and agricultural products by various types of toxigenic molds (fungi) is a serious and global problem. Fungal toxins, in particular, mycotoxins produced by several species of fungi…
	WRGSD: improving reliability and efficiency for coastal…Water-quality response grid-based sampling design (WRGSD) using optimization and multi-factors assessment can reliably detect a variety of the impact of human activities. The sampling design are optimized by clustering and…
	Monitoring of the consumption of new psychoactive substances…Licit and illicit drug use monitoring is an important subject for public health. Almost every substance that people consume is excreted as parent compound and as metabolites via urine and…
	Any cell organelle can be the starting point for toxicant…Toxicants and pathogens often induce death of their target and host cells. In order to investigate the different ways they can achieve this I have used the hepatopancreatocytes of decapod…
	Fullerene soot nanoparticles impose threat to glial cell…Nanotechnology principally deals with engineering or fine tuning of functional matters at their molecular level. The field has generated an exciting scientific attention globally because of the innumerable possibilities it…