RKIP YY1:“好”和“坏”的盾牌the protection of cancer spreading and resistance to therapies
Cancer originates from all of the uncorrected mutations occurring in the DNA of the cell that lead to abnormal cell growth. Accordingly, the accumulation of these mutations transforms a normal cell into an “immortal” cancer cell with aggressive and invasive behavior among the rest of the normal cells; a process known as tumor spreading, or metastasis. Furthermore, cancer cells require additional modifications to support their survival and avoid their eradication mediated by the immune system, or conventional treatment modalities.
To understand the above cancer cell behavior, we present the interrelationship between two cellular proteins that we have studied, namely, RKIP (Raf Kinase Inhibitor Protein) and YY1 (Yin Yang 1). We have found that RKIP and YY1 have opposing roles in the regulation of tumor cell growth, metastasis, and resistance to therapies. As predicted, RKIP is poorly expressed in many cancer types, since it augments tumor response to therapy and inhibits cancer metastasis. In contrast, the YY1 protein that enhances tumor growth, metastasis, and resistance to therapies is overexpressed in the majority of cancers. Given the inverse correlation found between the expression levels of YY1 and RKIP in many solid and hematological malignancies, we have hypothesized and determined that these two proteins are closely related and that each regulates negatively the expression of the other, through several complex and interconnected signaling pathways (roads). Similar to traffic lights, YY1 (the green light) and RKIP (the red light), promote or inhibit tumor properties, respectively (Fig. 1). On this context, we describe and analyze five possible interconnected signaling roads, which explain the inverse relationship found between the expression levels of RKIP and YY1 in cancers. Each interconnected road is comprised by multiple interactions among intermediate proteins with established pro- or anti-cancer functions. These five interconnecting roads may behave each individually, or together, and overall influencing the ultimate expression levels of YY1 and RKIP; hence leading to determining new approaches to predict tumor cell response to chemo-/immuno-therapies, as well as tumor aggressiveness.
In addition, these pathways also provide novel prognostic motifs and therapeutic targets and establish the significance of developing new regimens that will be able either to increase or diminish RKIP and YY1 expression levels, respectively. This will result in blocking the cancer cell survival, growth and spreading, as well as overcoming tumor resistance to existing anti-tumor therapies. Noteworthy, alternative combinational therapeutic approaches, that involve the above suggested regimens and low doses of the conventional therapies may augment the efficacy of the anti-cancer treatments and the overall patients’ survival.
Benjamin Bonavida1,Stavroula Baritaki2
1Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
2Division of Surgical Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
Publication
Inverse correlation between the metastasis suppressor RKIP and the metastasis inducer YY1: Contrasting roles in the regulation of chemo/immuno-resistance in cancer.
Wottrich年代,Kaufhold年代,Chrysos E,卓拉啊,Baritaki S, Bonavida B
Drug Resist Updat. 2017 Jan
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